中国深层煤岩气成藏特征与发展前景展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7703.2025.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国深层煤岩气一般指1500m 以深，且具备保存条件的煤层中含有的游离气与吸附气的总称，是一类成藏条件与页岩气相似而与浅层煤层气不同的天然气资源。我国深层煤岩气资源潜力大，及早认识这类资源的形成条件与分布特征，对指导推动加快深层煤岩气储量及产量增长具有重要意义。本文在新近探井和试采资料研究基础上，提出我国陆上煤岩气主要发育在潮坪—潟湖、湖滨沼泽和三角洲沼泽环境形成的煤层中，微米—纳米级孔喉和割理裂隙是煤岩气主要储集空间；深层煤岩气以游离态和吸附态并存方式聚集成藏，其中游离气占比较高是深层煤岩气区别于浅层煤层气的重要特征。深层煤岩气按气源供应分为自生自储与他生自储两大类，后者游离气占比更高；有效盖层和较大埋深是深层煤岩气形成的重要条件。研究认为，我国发育中高阶煤（R_o≥1.3%）和中低阶煤（R_o＜1.3%）两大类煤岩气。中高阶深层煤岩气富集得益于高阶煤岩的生气潜力大、地层含水少、构造相对稳定、煤岩割理裂缝发育与主力煤层顶底板具备遮挡条件；中低阶煤岩气的富集得益于低生气量累计富集、连续分布的优质煤层、构造—气源耦合控藏。此外，与煤岩共生的致密砂（灰）岩中富集的天然气也是中低阶煤岩气的重要贡献者。我国深层煤岩气资源丰富，勘探尚处于起步阶段，未来煤岩气产量将快速上升，预计在2040 年前后达到峰值。

关键词: 深层煤岩气, 游离气, 吸附气, 成藏条件, 分布特征, 发展前景

Abstract: Deep coal-rock gas in China generally refers to the combination of free gas and adsorbed gas stored in deep coal seams (greater than 1500 m) with favorable preservation conditions, which has similar hydrocarbon accumulation conditions to shale gas but different from shallow CBM. There are abundant deep coal-rock gas resources in China. An early understanding of its accumulation conditions and distribution characteristics is crucial for guiding and accelerating the reserve and production growth of deep coal-rock gas. Based on the study of recent exploration wells and trial production data, it is proposed that China’s onshore coal-rock gas was mainly developed in coal seams deposited in tidal flat–lagoon, lake shore swamp, and delta swamp environments, with the main storage space of micro- to nano-scale pores, cleavages and fissures. Deep coal-rock gas accumulated in reservoirs in both free and adsorbed states, with a relatively high proportion of free gas, indicating a major characteristic that distinguishes it from shallow CBM. Based on gas sources, deep coal-rock gas is classified into two types, i.e., selfgeneration and self-storage, and external-source and coal-storage, and the latter has a higher proportion of free gas content. The effective cap rocks and large burial depth are essential conditions for the formation of deep coal-rock gas reservoirs. Furthermore, two types of coal-rock gas reservoirs are classified in China, namely, medium- to high-rank coal (R_o≥1.3%) and low- to medium-rank coal (R_o<1.3%). The enrichment of coal-rock gas in medium- to high-rank coal benefits from the high gas generation potential, low formation water content, relatively stable structure, well-developed cleavages and fissures, and effective sealing conditions of main coal roof and floor. The enrichment of coal-rock gas in low- and medium-rank coal profits from the cumulative enrichment with low gas generation rate, continuous distribution of high-quality coal seams, coupling control of structure and gas sources. In addition, natural gas accumulated in adjacent tight sandstone (limestone) is also an important contributor to the low- and medium-rank coal-rock gas. China has abundant deep coal-rock gas resources, but the exploration remains in its early stage. It is expected that deep coal-rock gas production will increase rapidly in the future and reach its peak around 2040.

Key words: deep coal-rock gas, free gas, adsorbed gas, hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, distribution characteristics, development prospects

中图分类号:

TE122.1

赵文智, 曹正林, 黄福喜, 林世国, 陈克非, 丁麟. 中国深层煤岩气成藏特征与发展前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2025, 30(4): 27-43.

Zhao Wenzhi, Cao Zhenglin, Huang Fuxi, Lin Shiguo, Chen Kefei, Ding Lin. Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and development prospects of deep coal-rock gas in China[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2025, 30(4): 27-43.

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